Adams Idea A2 OS Senior 12pc Golf Set W/Bag ,
Events
The pyramid ruin of Amenemhet I at Lisht. He was the founder of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
2000 BC: Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy.
2000 BC: Town of Mantua is presumably founded.
2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed , wedding rings tungsten .
2000 BC: Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya , titanium sponge .
2000 BC: Horses are tamed and used for transport.
c. 2000 BC: First of the Minoan palaces on Crete.
c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos starts to be occupied.
c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization starts.
c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age starts in north Ancient China.
c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, is made. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a “priest-king”, from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, is made. It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
2040 BC 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
2064 BC 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
c. 1985 BC: Political authority becomes less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
c. 1985 BC 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty.
c. 1985 BC 1795 BC: “Hippopotamus”, from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets takes place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Smmerda) is buried in a large barrow within a 66 foot wide stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
c. 1928 BC 1895 BC: “Harvest scene”, tempera fascimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.
1913 BC 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.
Births
1973 BC Reu, son of Peleg, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1941 BC Serug, son of Reu, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1911 BC Nahor, son of Serug, according to the Hebrew Calendar
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
2000 BC First written accounts of Schizophrenia.
c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
1950 BC The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm[citation needed]
In Fiction
~1600 BC: Setting for Valley of the Kings (Cecilia Holland)
2000 BC: See Stonehenge (novel)
Decades and years
v d e
Decades and years
20th century BC
22nd century BC21st century BC 19th century BC18th century BC
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1890s BC
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1895 BC
1894 BC
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1890 BC
v d e
Centuries and millennia
Millennium
Century
BC
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Categories: 2nd millennium BC | 20th century BC | CenturiesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 | Articles lacking sources (Erik9bot)
,
History of the different cubits
The Egyptian Royal Cubit and Sumerian Nippur cubit
From the Nippur ell to the old royal cubit
The cubit is among the first recorded units of length used by an ancient people.
The earliest attested standard measure is from Egypt and was called the Royal Cubit (Mahe) and was 523 to 525 mm (20.6 to 20.64 inches) in length , and was subdivided into 7 palms of 4 digits, giving a 28 part measure in total. Secure evidence for this unit is known from architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser from around 2,700 B.C.
In 1916, during the last years of Ottoman Empire and in the middle of WWI, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar during excavation at Nippur from c. 2650 BC. which he claimed was a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.5 mm or 20.4 inches, although this does not agree with more secure evidence from the statues of Guduea from the same region. A 30-digit-cubit known as a kus was nevertheless known from the 2nd millennium B.C., with a digit-length of about 17.28 mm (more than 0.68 inch).
Old Egyptian geometers could calculate the square root of two from the value of the hypotenuse of a Cubit. This well-attested old Egyptian unit was known as the “construction remen” and used a good approximation: 220/28 root 2.
Other important cubits
The Roman cubitus is a six-palm cubit of about 444.5 mm. Twenty-four Roman cubits thirty-five English feet, so the Roman cubit is about 17.5 inches or 444.5 mm.
The Greek pechus () was also a 24-digit cubit. So, the Greek kyrenaika cubit measured about 463.1 mm and the Greek metrios cubit about 474.2 mm; respectively roughly 25/24 and 16/15 Roman cubits. Other Greek cubits based on different digit measures of other city-states are less important. The Greek 40-digit-measure, called bema, corresponds to the Latin gradus, the step or half-a-pace.
The Arabic Hashimi cubit of about 650.2 mm (25.6 inches) is considered to measure two French feet. Since the established ratio between the French and English foot is about 16 to 15, one can give following equation: 5 Hashimi cubits 10 French feet 128 English inches. Also the length of 256 Roman cubits and the length of 175 Hashimi cubits are nearly equivalent.
The guard cubit (Arabic: ammatu rabitu) measured about 555.6 mm; 5/4 of the Roman cubit. Therefore: 96 guard cubits 120 Roman cubits 175 English feet.
The Arabic nil cubit (or black cubit) measured about 540.2 mm. This means 28 (later called) Greek digits of the “pous of kyrenaika” 25/24 of a Roman foot or just 308.7 mm. Thus 175 Roman cubits 144 black cubits.
The Mesopotamian cubit measured about 533.4 mm, 6/5 Roman cubit. Thus, 20 Mesopotamian cubits 24 Roman cubits 35 English feet.
The Babylonian cubit (or cubit of Lagash) measured about 496.1 mm. Also a Babylonian trade cubit existed, nine-tenths of the normal cubit, i.e. 446.5 mm. The Babylonian Cubit is fifteen-sixteenths of the royal cubit. 160 Babylonian trade cubits 144 Babylonian cubits 135 Egyptian royal cubits. (The royal cubit 529.2 mm. See above.)
The Pergamon cubit 520.9 mm or 75/64 of the Roman cubit , golf clubs titanium .
The Salamis cubit 484.0 mm or 98/90 of the Roman cubit , aluminum plates .
The Persian cubit of about 500.1 mm or 9/8 of the Roman cubit, which is also 9/10 of the guard cubit.
In Izapa, a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican city, the measuring unit was equivalent to about 495 mm, very close to the Lagash cubit. This is probably a coincidence, since a diffusion of culture from Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica has not been conclusively demonstrated.
The different Jewish cubits ( ama) are generally borrowed either from Babylonians or Greeks or Romans. In ancient Israel during the First Temple period, the cubit was 428.1 mm (16.85 in.) ( 26/27 Roman cubit). During the Second Temple period, a cubit of about 444.5 mm (17.5 in.) ( Roman cubit) was in general use, but in the sacred areas of the temple a special cubit of 437.6 mm seems to have been used instead ( 63/64 Roman cubit).
This derivation of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci, depicts nine historical units of measurement: the Yard, the Span, the Cubit, the Flemish Ell, the English Ell, the French Ell, the Fathom, the Hand, and the Foot. The Vitruvian man was drawn to scale, so the units depicted are displayed with their proper historical ratios.
Notes
^ Arnold 1991. Building in Egypt. Pharaonic Stone Masonry: 296
^ Arnold 1991: 296
^ Lauer, J.P. 1931 tude sur Quelques Monuments de la IIIe Dynastie (Pyramide Degrs de Saqqarah). Annales du Service des Antiquites de L’Egypte, IFAO 31: 60. Page 59
^ Cf. Biblical Archaeology Review, March-April 1983, and Newsletter and Proceedings of the Society for Early Historical Archaeology, issue 159.)
Bibliography
Arnold, Dieter (2003). The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. Taurus. ISBN 1860644651.
See also
Anthropic units
Hasta (measure)
History of measurement
Systems of measurement
Units of measurement
Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement
References
Building in Egypt. Pharaonic Stone Masonry. Oxford University Books. 1991.
Vormetrische Lngeneinheiten by Rolf C. A. Rottlnder, Rottenburg / Kln (also see Search-Engine).
Recovery of the Ancient System of Length Units by Dieter Lelgemann, former Director of the Institute for Geodesy and Geo-Information Technology, TU Berlin.
On the Ancient Determination of Meridian Arc Length by Eratosthenes of Kyrene Dieter Lelgemann, WS History of Surveying and Measurement, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004.
Knobloch, Eberhard, Dieter Lelgemann und Andreas Fuls: “Zur hellenistischen Methode der Bestimmung des Erdumfangs und zur Asienkarte des Klaudios Ptolemaios.” published in zfv (Zeitschrift fr Geodsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagment) 128. Jahrgang, Heft 3/2003, S. 211-217.
External links
Look up cubit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Measurements of the Nippur Ell, now in a museum in Istanbul (Turkey).
Categories: Obsolete units of measure | Units of length | Human-based units of measureHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2008 | Articles containing Ancient Greek language text | Articles containing Arabic language text | Articles containing Hebrew language text
Copper/brass/phosphor Bronze Wire Mesh ,
Early life
Michael Faraday, portrait by Thomas Phillips c1841-1842
Faraday was born in Newington Butts, now part of the London Borough of Southwark; but then a suburban part of Surrey, one mile south of London Bridge. His family was not well off. His father, James, was a member of the Sandemanian sect of Christianity. James Faraday had come to London around 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland, where he had been the village blacksmith. The young Michael Faraday, one of four children, having only the most basic of school educations, had to largely educate himself. At fourteen he became apprenticed to a local bookbinder and bookseller George Riebau and, during his seven-year apprenticeship, he read many books, including Isaac Watts’ The Improvement of the Mind, and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions that it contained. He developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. In particular, he was inspired by the book Conversations in Chemistry by Jane Marcet.
At the age of twenty, in 1812, at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution and Royal Society, and John Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. Many tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by William Dance (one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic Society). Afterwards, Faraday sent Davy a three hundred page book based on notes taken during the lectures. Davy’s reply was immediate, kind, and favourable. When Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride, he decided to employ Faraday as a secretary. When John Payne, one of the Royal Institution’s assistants, was sacked, Sir Humphry Davy was asked to find a replacement. He appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813 .
Sir Humphry Davy, 1830 engraving based on the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830 , spring brass .
In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman. When Davy went on a long tour to the continent in 181315, his valet did not wish to go. Faraday was going as Davy’s scientific assistant, and was asked to act as Davy’s valet until a replacement could be found in Paris. Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davy’s wife, Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal (making him travel outside the coach, eat with the servants, etc.) and generally made Faraday so miserable that he contemplated returning to England alone and giving up science altogether. The trip did, however, give him access to the European scientific elite and a host of stimulating ideas , aluminium rods .
His sponsor and mentor was John ‘Mad Jack’ Fuller, who created the Fullerian Professorship of Chemistry at the Royal Institution.
Faraday was a devout Christian and a member of the small Sandemanian denomination, an offshoot of the Church of Scotland. He later served two terms as an elder in the group’s church at Glovers Hall, Barbican, which later moved to Barnsbury, Islington.
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800-1879) on 2 June 1821, although they would never have children. They met through attending the Sandemanian church. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824, appointed director of the laboratory in 1825; and in 1833 he was appointed Fullerian professor of chemistry in the institution for life, without the obligation to deliver lectures.
Scientific achievements
Chemistry
Michael Faraday in his laboratory. c1850s by artist Harriet Jane Moore who documented Faraday’s life in watercolours.
Faraday’s earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Humphry Davy. Faraday made a special study of chlorine, and discovered two new chlorides of carbon. He also made the first rough experiments on the diffusion of gases, a phenomenon first pointed out by John Dalton, the physical importance of which was more fully brought to light by Thomas Graham and Joseph Loschmidt. He succeeded in liquefying several gases; he investigated the alloys of steel, and produced several new kinds of glass intended for optical purposes. A specimen of one of these heavy glasses afterwards became historically important as the substance in which Faraday detected the rotation of the plane of polarisation of light when the glass was placed in a magnetic field, and also as the substance which was first repelled by the poles of the magnet. He also endeavoured, with some success, to make the general methods of chemistry, as distinguished from its results, the subject of special study and of popular exposition.
He invented an early form of what was to become the Bunsen burner, which is used almost universally in science laboratories as a convenient source of heat. Faraday worked extensively in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene (which he called bicarburet of hydrogen), inventing the system of oxidation numbers, and liquefying gases such as chlorine. In 1820 Faraday reported on the first syntheses of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, C2Cl6 and C2Cl4, and published his results the following year. Faraday also determined the composition of the chlorine clathrate hydrate, which had been discovered by Humphry Davy in 1810.
Faraday also discovered the laws of electrolysis and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion, terms largely created by William Whewell.
Faraday was the first to report what later came to be called metallic nanoparticles. In 1847 he discovered that the optical properties of gold colloids differed from those of the corresponding bulk metal. This was probably the first reported observation of the effects of quantum size, and might be considered to be the birth of nanoscience.
Electricity and magnetism
Faraday is best known for his work with electricity and magnetism. The first experiment which he recorded was the construction of a voltaic pile with seven halfpence pieces, stacked together with seven disks of sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moistened with salt water. With this pile he decomposed sulphate of magnesia (first letter to Abbott, 12 July 1812).
Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, ca. 1821
In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist, Hans Christian rsted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, Davy and British scientist William Hyde Wollaston tried but failed to design an electric motor. Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire and a wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. The latter device is known as a homopolar motor. These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. Faraday published his results without acknowledging his debt to Wollaston and Davy, and the resulting controversy caused Faraday to withdraw from electromagnetic research for several years.[citation needed]
At this stage, there is also evidence[citation needed] to suggest that Davy may have been trying to slow Faraday’s rise as a scientist (or natural philosopher as it was known then). In 1825, for instance, Davy set him onto optical glass experiments, which progressed for six years with no great results. It was not until Davy’s death, in 1829, that Faraday stopped these fruitless tasks and moved on to endeavors that were more worthwhile. Two years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. Joseph Henry likely discovered self-induction a few months earlier and both may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in Italy in 1829 and 1830.
Michael Faraday, circa 1861
Faraday’s breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring, and found that upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual induction. The iron ring-coil apparatus is still on display at the Royal Institution. In subsequent experiments he found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This relation was modelled mathematically by James Clerk Maxwell as Faraday’s law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations. These in turn have evolved into the generalisation known today as field theory.
Faraday later used the principle to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of modern power generators.
In 1839 he completed a series of experiments aimed at investigating the fundamental nature of electricity. Faraday used “static”, batteries, and “animal electricity” to produce the phenomena of electrostatic attraction, electrolysis, magnetism, etc. He concluded that, contrary to scientific opinion of the time, the divisions between the various “kinds” of electricity were illusory. Faraday instead proposed that only a single “electricity” exists, and the changing values of quantity and intensity (current and voltage) would produce different groups of phenomena.
Near the end of his career Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor. This idea was rejected by his fellow scientists, and Faraday did not live to see this idea eventually accepted. Faraday’s concept of lines of flux emanating…
Aluminium Rolling Door ,
IvanAnywhere evolution
Ivan Bowman has been an iAnywhere programmer since 1993. In 2002 his wife received a job in Halifax approximately 2,000 km (1250 miles) from his place of work in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. His employers allowed him to telecommunicate initially via email, instant messenger, and phone.
Using speakerphone during meetings was less than ideal because Ivan could not see his co-workers’ visual communication clues, or what they wrote on the white board. The first solution was a stationary webcam with a speaker, which was kept in the corner of the office. The problem with this method was that the webcam was just that stationary. Ivan could not see people if they were not standing near the webcam. More frustrating, perhaps, was that Ivan could hear distant conversations through the webcam’s microphone, but was unable to contribute to the conversation if the impromptu meeting did not take place in his visual range.
Proof of concept
In November 2005, iAnywhere programmer Ian McHardy and Director of Engineering Glenn Paulley (Ivan immediate manager) conceived the idea of IvanAnywhere after Glenn saw a television commercial for a remote controlled toy blimp. In January 2007, after considering different possible designs and getting through a number of deadlines related to iAnywhere releases, Ian started working on a proof-of-concept: a tablet computer and webcam mounted on a radio-controlled toy truck.
In February 2007, even though the truck was challenging to drive and the webcam was only a few inches above the floor, Ivan was able to successfully drive the proof-of-concept from Halifax.
Full version
In May 2007, Ivan started using Ian’s full version daily. The full version of IvanAnywhere consists of a wheeled base with 24-volt SuperDroid Robots motors. The motor and wheel assemblies support “tank drive” so that Ivan can negotiate through doorways and meeting rooms more easily. Above the motors sits a box filled with wires, various electronics, and batteries which power the robot for a full work day. The entire robot weighs approximately 40 kg.
A 1.5 meter (5 foot) aluminum bar supports a webcam with a gray foam ball mounted above it. The robot is equipped with a webcam, speakers, microphone, and a tablet computer with a live feed from Bowman’s webcam to help coworkers to communicate with him more naturally. Infrared proximity sensors keep the robot from bumping into walls and cubicles.
The tablet PC mounted on IvanAnywhere runs a SQL Anywhere database server. One of the tasks of the SQL Anywhere database is to retain monitoring statistics on a wide variety of controls and sensors on the robot. This is so that Ian can monitor how far the robot travels in any particular period, how many times the proximity sensors have halted the robot’s motion, the robot’s network connectivity uptime, and other related statistics.
Ivan “drives” the robot from his home office in Halifax using a two-joystick PC gaming console. One joystick controls the webcam, the other the robot’s drive system.
In October 2007, a digital camera was mounted on the bar so that Ivan could take high-resolution pictures of whiteboards, presentation slides, and overheads, or just look out the window.
The robot needs to be recharged at the end of every work day. Until recently, this required a Waterloo co-worker to plug it in before leaving for the night. In May 2008, Ian constructed a charging bay out of lumber that Ivan “drives” into – copper bars attached to the robot connect to copper springs on the charging unit which are directly connected to the battery charger and enabled through a relay circuit so that the charging bars are not live unless the robot is in the bay. The charging bay permits Ivan to recharge the robot at his convenience, and without assistance , towel bar brass .
IvanAnywhere is very popular with other people in the building and the iAnywhere Engineering floor has become a regular stop on visitor tours of the Sybase building , fence parts .
Challenges of Being a Robot
Although most of Bowman’s colleagues treat IvanAnywhere as one of their own, people who aren’t used to the robot are sometimes uncomfortable talking to it instead of a human being.
See also
Computer-supported collaboration
Homeshoring
References
THE GLOBE AND MAIL, Careers section, July 11, 2008
Christian Science Monitor: Send Your Robot To Work
YES Mag – Featured in the “Robot replacement” article (p. 7) of Jan/Feb 2008 edition of YES Mag
The Record: Meet IvanAnywhere
Guardian Unlimited: The Worker You Have to Plug In
Nova Scotia Chronicle Herald – Featured in the “Ivan the mobile” article on 09-28-2007. Search for Ivan Bowman in the The Chronical Herald archives
External links
IvanAnywhere’s YouTube channel
Video: Episode 1 – 2008: A Sybase Odyssey
Video: Episode 2 – IvanAnywhere gets a puppy
Video: Episode 3 – IvanAnywhere meets Ivan
Video: Episode 4 – IvanAnywhere’s Performance Review
Video: Techwave 2008 ‘From the Inside’ competition
The IvanAnywhere homepage
Sybase iAnywhere
CBC Radio: Sneak Peek at Episode Three: I, Robot
Design Engineering
Categories: Robots | Telecommunications equipment | Telecommuting | Teleconferencing | Collaboration
,
History
The earliest balls were made of wood and then later clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 20th century). Ivory was favored for several hundred years, dating back to at least the 16th century, but by the mid-1800s, elephants were being slaughtered for their ivory at an alarming rate, just to keep up with the demand for billiard balls. No more than eight balls could be made from a single elephant’s tusks. The billiard industry realized that the supply of elephants (their primary source of ivory) was endangered, as well as dangerous to obtain. They challenged inventors to come up with an alternative material that could be manufactured, with a US$10,000 prize from Phelan and Collender of New York City being offered.
In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt invented a composition material called nitrocellulose for billiard balls (US patent 50359, the first American patent for billiard balls). It is unclear if the cash prize was ever awarded to Hyatt, and there is no evidence suggesting he did in fact win it. By 1870 it was commercially branded Celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Unfortunately, the nature of celluloid made it volatile in production, occasionally exploding, which ultimately made this early plastic impractical. Urban legend has it that celluloid billiard balls themselves would occasionally explode during rough play, but no reliable sources have been found that can substantiate this.
Subsequently, to avoid the problem of celluloid instability, the industry experimented with various other synthetic materials for billiards balls such as Bakelite, Crystalate and other plastic compounds.
The exacting requirements of the billiard ball are met today with balls cast from plastic materials that are strongly resistant to cracking and chipping. Currently Saluc, under the brand names Aramith and Brunswick Centennial, manufactures phenolic resin balls. Other plastics and resins such as polyester (under various trade names) and clear acrylic are also used, by competing companies such as Elephant Balls Ltd., Frenzy Sports , round dog beds .
(See also Cue sports, “History” for more-general information on billiards history. , hotel furnishings .
Types of billiard balls
Carom billiards
A standard set of carom billiards balls (61.5 mm [2+716 in] diameter), including a red object ball, a plain white cue ball, and a dotted cue ball for the opponent. Some games use an additional object ball.
In the realm of carom (or carambole) games, billiard balls are the three (sometimes four) balls used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, and related games on pocketless billiards tables, as well as English billiards which is played on a table with pockets. The predominantly-Asian game four-ball uses four balls (the name literally means “four-balls”). Carom balls are not numbered, and at 2+716 inches (61.5 mm) are larger than pool balls. They are colored as follows:
Red object ball (two reds, in the game four-ball)
White cue ball for player 1
White with a spot (or sometimes yellow) cue ball for player 2
American-style pool
Classic American-style pool balls racked for a game of eight-ball, just before the break shot.
Modern American-style pool balls
In the US, the term “billiard balls” usually (except among carom players) refers to balls used to play various pocket billiards (pool) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket; they are commonly referred to as kelly pool or American balls in the UK. These pool balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. According to BCA/WPA equipment specifications, the weight may be from 5.5 to 6 oz. (156 to 170 g) with a diameter of 2.25 in. (5.715 cm), plus or minus 0.005 in. (0.127 mm).. The balls are numbered and colored as follows:
Yellow
Blue
Red
Purple (pink in some ball sets)
Orange
Green
Brown or burgundy (tan in some ball sets)
Black
Yellow and white
Blue and white
Red and white
Purple and white (pink and white in some ball sets)
Orange and white
Green and white
Brown (or burgundy) and white (tan and white in some ball sets)
Cue ball white (sometimes with one or more spots)
Note that balls 17 are often referred to as solids and 915 as stripes though there are many other colloquial terms for each suit of balls. Though it looks similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid. Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which object ball must be pocketed, in other games such as three-ball neither type of marking is of any consequence. In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. In the game of nine-ball, only object balls 1 through 9 (plus the cue ball) are used. Some balls used in televised pool games are colored differently to make them distinguishable on television monitors (thus the pink and tan variants). TV is also the genesis of the “measle” cue ball with numerous spots on its surface so that spin placed on it is evident to viewers.
Coin-operated pool tables such as those found at bars and college campuses historically have often used either a larger (“grapefruit”) or denser (“rock”, typically ceramic) cue ball, such that its extra weight makes it easy for the cue ball return mechanism to separate it from object balls (which are captured until the game ends and the table is paid again for another game) so that the cue ball can be returned for further play, should it be accidentally pocketed. Rarely in the US, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation size and weight, since players have rightly complained for many decades that the heavy and often over-sized cue balls do not “play” correctly.
British-style pool (blackball)
Playing blackball, with its distinctive red and yellow groups.
In WPA blackball and WEPF or English-style eight-ball pool (not to be confused with the games of eight-ball of English billiards), fifteen balls again are used, but are arrayed in two unnumbered groups, the reds (or less commonly blues) and yellows, with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. Aside from the 8, shots are not called since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. Because they are unnumbered they are wholly unsuited to certain pool games, such as nine-ball, in which ball order is important. They are noticeably smaller than the American-style balls, and with a cue ball that is slightly smaller than the object balls, while the table’s pockets are tighter to compensate. Neither the WPA nor the WEPF (publicly) define ball or even table dimensions, though presumably league and tournament organizers are given some guidelines in this regard. Most manufacturers that supply this market provide 2 in. (5.08 cm) object balls and 1+78 inches (4.76 cm) cue balls. The yellow-and-red sets are sometimes commercially referred to as “casino sets” (they were formerly used for televised eight-ball championships:45 most often held in casinos). The use of such sets, however, pre-dates television, as they were used for B.B.C. Co. Pool, the forerunner of modern eight-ball, at least as early as 1908.:24
Snooker
Snooker balls just before the break.
Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of fifteen unmarked reds, six colour balls placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white cue ball. (See snooker for more information on ball setup.) The colour balls are sometimes numbered American-style, with their point values, for the amateur/home market. They are numbered as follows:
2. Yellow
3. Green
4. Brown
5. Blue
6. Pink
7. Black
Snooker balls are technically standardized at 52.5 mm (approximately 2+115 in) in diameter within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) No standard weight is defined, but all balls in the set must be the same weight within a tolerance of 3 g. However, many sets are actually 2+116 in. (a little under 52.4 mm), even from major manufacturers. Snooker sets are also available with considerably smaller-than-regulation balls (and even with ten instead of fifteen reds) for play on smaller tables (down to half-size), and are sanctioned for use in some amateur leagues.
Other games
Russian pyramid ball at a corner pocket. The relative size of the ball and the pocket makes the game very challenging.
Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. Russian pyramid and the related Finnish game kaisa make use of a set of 15 numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball, that may be even larger than carom billiards balls, at 68 mm (21116 in) or 72 mm (245 in).. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other the opposite; all are usually 2+18 inch (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter.
Training balls
The Jim Rempe Training Ball
Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently-colored halves and/or targeting rings.
For example, Saluc markets several practice ball systems, including the Jim Rempe Training Ball, a cue ball marked with rings and…
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Community Groups
Park CP School Llay The infant and junior schools were merged in 2008 to form Park CP School Llay which provides education for children from the age of 3 to 11.
Llay United Youth Football Club Is one of the largest community groups in Llay providing football for over 220 children every week. The club was started back in 1980 to provide local children organised football against other local teams. Llay United most famous player is Robbie Savage who still holds the club goal scoring record.
Llay Playgroup The play group moved from the community centre into Park CP school Llay in 2008. The playgroup offers children from the age of 2 early education.
Places of interest
There is a country park in Llay called Alyn Waters Country Park, which has a sister country park in Gwersyllt of the same name. The site includes a children’s play park and pathways for pedestrian and cycle access through the forest. There were numerous original artworks around the park such as carved wooden animals along the paths, however many of the artworks have now been stolen or destroyed. There is a small golfing range at the park, and other sporting events take place on the large playing fields, such as football (home of Llay United Youth Football Club) and archery.
There are four churches in the village of Llay, including the Roman Catholic St. Francis of Assisi, Llay Community Church of the Nazarene and St. Martin of Tours of the Church in Wales.
There are three drinking establishments, which are the Royal British Legion club, The Crown public house and Llay Miners Welfare, also known as Miners Welfare Institute. Llay Legion is the largest of these offering Sports bar with 2 snooker tables, Pool table, Dart board, Lounge with small stage offering entertainment on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights and the largest cabaret room in the area, easily seating over 350 guests. The Miners Welfare has bars, dancefloor with small stage and a pool hall. The Welfare had its grand opening in 1931 after negotiations in 1929 for monies to build a Miners Institute with sports facilities. The Welfare was refurbished in 2005 after receiving a grant for the work.
There is an industrial estate in Llay, being similar in size to the whole village itself, which it includes a Sharp Electronics factory , furniture wall unit .
Notable resident , cigar cabinets .
Chris Armstrong – former Wrexham, Tottenham Hotspur, Crystal Palace and England B Team professional footballer, was brought up by his adoptive parents in the village after being originally born in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Terry Hennessey – former Welsh International professional footballer who played for Derby County in the 1970s. Now lives in Australia.
Mark Hughes – current Manchester City Manager and former Welsh International and Manchester United professional footballer, lived in the village until age four.
Steve O’Shaughnessy – former professional footballer who played for Leeds United, Bradford City, Rochdale and captained Darlington
Dennis Taylor – 1985 World Snooker Championship winner and BBC snooker commentator.
References
^ a b “2001 Census: Llay (Parish)”. Office for National Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801344&c=llay&d=16&e=15&g=415061&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1226279507434&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779. Retrieved on 10 November 2008.
External links
Llay United Youth Football Club
Llay Playgroup
Miner’s Welfare’s history on their official site
Welsh Coal Mines website – check out the local pit’s histories
Llay Community Church Website
St Martins Official Website
photos of Llay and surrounding area on geograph
Categories: Villages in Wrexham county boroughHidden categories: Articles containing Welsh language text
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Fiction
The most enduring novelistic treatment of Mary is Madame de La Fayette’s La Princesse de Clves, in which the young dauphine features as a major character. Written one and a half centuries later, The Abbot by Sir Walter Scott covers the period of Mary’s confinement in Loch Leven castle. Mary’s story has also been the subject of a number of more recent novels, including: Mary Queen of Scotland and the Isles: A Novel by Margaret George; The Gay Galliard a novel of Mary Queen of Scots, by Margaret Irwin; Royal Road to Fotheringhay: The Story of Mary, Queen of Scots by Jean Plaidy; Fatal Majesty (2000) by Reay Tannahill; “The Other Queen” (2008) by Philippa Gregory. Mary features importantly in The Lymond Chronicles by Dorothy Dunnett. She is the subject of a short story in Susanna Clarke’s 2006 collection of fantasy tales The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories.
In children’s literature, novels on Mary, Queen of Scots include: Queen’s Own Fool: A Novel of Mary Queen of Scots by Jane Yolen, The Lady of Fire and Tears by Terry Deary, and from the Royal Diaries, Mary, Queen of Scots: Queen Without a Country, France, 1553 by Kathryn Lasky. A Traveller in Time by Alison Uttley is about a young girl who finds herself in the time of and in the company of Anthony Babington, who is attempting to free Mary and overthrow Elizabeth.
In The Princeling, Volume 3 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles, the fictional Lettice Morland becomes embroiled in the dramatic events taking place at the court of Mary Queen of Scots.
Theatr , assembled kitchen cabinets .
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart) is an influential play by Friedrich Schiller, (most recently produced in London’s West End in 2005, starring Janet McTeer and Harriet Walter) , modern asian furniture .
The film Mary of Scotland is based on the hit Broadway play by Maxwell Anderson.
Sarah Miles portrayed Mary Queen of Scots on Broadway and the West End in the play Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1971) written by her husband Robert Bolt
Martha Graham choreographed and directed the modern dance titled “Episodes” (1985) that premiered at Lincoln Centre, New York, the dance featured Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I resolving their dynastic issues over a game of tennis.
The Scottish playwright Liz Lochhead explored the relationship between Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart in her play Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off.
Mary’s imprisonment and trial are the subject of the play (in verse) The Lifeblood by poet Glyn Maxwell.
Maria Stuart – Knigin der Schotten (Waldau Theater Bremen)
Poetry
Shortly after Mary Stuart’s execution in 1587, the English Jesuit poet Robert Southwell composed an emblem poem portraying Mary as a Catholic martyr, “Decease, Release (Dum morior orior).”The poem was never published in the early modern period; even owning a manuscript version of the poem was “inevitable flirtation with treason” in Elizabethan England.
The 1596 edition of Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene includes an allegorical representation of the trial of Mary Stuart (Book 5, Canto ix, stanzas 36-50). Mary Stuart is represented by Duessa and Elizabeth is figured by Mercilla. The allegory dwells on Elizabeth’s reluctance to condemn Mary. Elizabeth’s delay of three months before agreeing to have Mary executed is represented by a gap of three stanzas at the end of Canto ix. Mercilla’s judgment and Duessa’s execution do not actually occur until the beginning of the next Canto (x.1-4).
The Spanish poet Lope de Vega wrote an epic poem upon Mary Stuart’s life and death: Corona trgica (Tragic crown), published in 1628.
In Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky’s 20 sonnets to Mary Stuart (in Russian) the poet addresses her as an interlocutor.
Music
Robert Schumann composed a song cycle (Op. 135) based on the life of Mary Stuart. This cycle was among the final works that Schumann composed before he went insane.
Gaetano Donizetti composed the opera Maria Stuarda, based on Schiller’s play.
Thea Musgrave composed the opera Mary, Queen of Scots, Edinburgh, 1977.
American progressive metal band Dream Theater uses a variation of the mark of Mary, Queen of Scots, as their trademark “Majesty” symbol.
John Barry, composer of the soundtrack to the 1971 film, wrote two songs, “Wish Now Was Then” and “This Way Mary” with lyricist Don Black based on themes from the film. They were performed by Matt Monro, with the latter song covered by Scott Walker and Johnny Mathis amongst others.
The song “Sad Song” by Lou Reed, featured in the 1973 album Berlin, references Mary in its initial verses.
The song “To France” by Mike Oldfield, featured in the 1984 album Discovery, references Mary in its chorus.
The song “Fotheringay” by The Fairport Convention, featured in the 1969 album What We Did on Our Holidays, is the story of Mary’s last days in the prison of Fotheringhay Castle.
The song “The Ballad of Mary (Queen of Scots)” by Grave Digger is about her time in prison.
Film
A 1895 reproduction of the historic scene, produced by Edison Manufacturing Co.
The two classic film biographies of Mary are the 1936 Mary of Scotland starring Katharine Hepburn as Mary, Florence Eldridge as Elizabeth I and Fredric March as Bothwell, and the 1971 Mary, Queen of Scots starring Vanessa Redgrave as Mary, Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth and Nigel Davenport as Bothwell. One of the most significant inaccuracies in the Redgrave film is the inclusion of scenes in which Mary and her cousin Elizabeth I meet in person. In the 1936 film, Mary and Elizabeth also meet; Elizabeth visits her in prison the night before Mary’s execution. The screenplay of the 1936 film was written by Dudley Nichols, based on the stage play Mary of Scotland, by Maxwell Anderson, which was a Broadway success in 1933. The 1971 film was written by John Hale, who also wrote a novelization of the film’s screenplay.
Zarah Leander, the famous Swedish-German actress from the Nazi period, plays Mary in the 1940 film Das Herz der Konigin, an UFA production directed by Carl Froelich.
Samantha Morton plays Mary in the 2007 film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, starring Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth.
Scarlett Johansson will play Mary in an upcoming film Mary Queen of Scots (film)
The 1980 motion picture The Mirror Crack’d, a Miss Marple mystery, is centered around the making of a motion picture about Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots (this being an example of metafiction, or a film within a film). In this case, the actress playing the actress playing Mary is Elizabeth Taylor.
Television
Gunpowder, Treason & Plot a 2004 Television Mini series by the BBC dramatized the reigns of Scottish monarchs Mary, Queen of Scots and her son King James VI of Scotland who became King James I of England and foiled the Gunpowder Plot. Mary was played by French actress Clmence Posy.
In the BBC TV production Elizabeth R, Mary was played by Vivian Pickles. This is considered by some to be the most historically accurate portrayal of Mary during her captivity in England.
In the Channel 4 miniseries, Elizabeth I, the first two-hour segment partly centers around the conflict between Mary and Elizabeth. Mary is portrayed by actress Barbara Flynn, and her execution is graphically shown, in a manner that is reportedly true to history.
Monty Python’s Flying Circus episode 22 featured a skit involving a “BBC radio drama series” titled “Death of Mary, Queen of Scots”.
A 1957 episode of the Wonderful World of Disney titled, “The Truth About Mother Goose”, discussed the origins of three nursery rhymes. Series host Walt Disney attributed the Mary Mary Quite Contrary rhyme to the life of Mary Stuart. This episode featured a brief animated short about Mary’s life, done in the artistic style of “Sleeping Beauty”. The short touched on important moments in Mary’s life, even ending with a scene of Mary being marched to her beheading.
An episode of the British series Lovejoy (“The Colour of Mary”, series 4) finds the main character seeking information and the whereabouts of Mary’s pool table.
The Curator of Tutbury Castle, Lesley Smith portrayed Mary Queen of Scots for Living’s “Most Haunted” in 2002 for a dramatic Monlauge of her time imprisoned there. Smith continues these re-enactments in the castle.
Other
Singer Tori Amos portrayed Mary Queen of Scots for a photo shoot in late makeup artist Kevyn Aucoin’s book Face Forward (ISBN 0-316-28705-9).
Historical biography and analysis
Marie Stuart (1936) by Stefan Zweig, ISBN 2253150797
Mary Queen of Scots (2006) by Retha Warnicke, ISBN 0-415-29183-6
Queen of Scots by Rosalind K. Marshall, ISBN 1-873644-95-7
Mary Queen of Scots by Antonia Fraser, ISBN 0-385-31129-X
“Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Babington conspiracy”, by David Alan Johnson, Military Heritage, August 2005, no. 1, Volume 7, ISSN 1524-8666
“Mary Queen of Scots and the French Connection”, History Today, 54, 7 (July 2004), pp. 37-43, by Alexander Wilkinson
Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens (Vintage, 2005) by Jane Dunn, ISBN 0375708200.
Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart (New York, 2004) by John Guy, ISBN 0618254110
Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542-1600 (Palgrave, 2005) by Alexander Wilkinson, ISBN 1-4039-2039-7 (hdbk)
Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in Failure (London, 1988) by Jenny Wormald, ISBN 0-540-01131-2
Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley (New York, 2003) by Alison Weir, ISBN 0-345-43658-X
“The Kings and Queens of Scotland (Stroud, 200) by Richard…
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History and origins
As a leading boys’ school in Singapore, Victoria School (VS) had had a good proportion of her students being qualified to enter a two-year Junior College course instead of a 3-year Pre-University course since the Junior College (JC) system started in the late 1960s. While VS started being a Pre-University Centre in 1979, by around 1980 it became clear that Victoria School students with better ‘O’-level results were choosing to enter other Junior Colleges instead of attending the Pre-U centre of VS after Secondary 4. Victoria School old boys from this period who attended other Junior Colleges after Secondary School included Lieutenant-General Ng Yat Chung – Singapore’s Chief of Defence Forces (2003-2007); Major-General Neo Kian Hong – Singapore’s incumbent Chief of Army and Major-General Ng Chee Khern – Singapore’s incumbent Chief of Air Force.
Old Victorians like Dr Ong Chit Chung and the OVA (Old Victorian Association) therefore proposed to Singapore’s Ministry of Education (MOE) the idea of a Junior College named after and affiliated to Victoria School. MOE eventually accepted the proposal, and Victoria Junior College was established in 1984 to give graduates of Victoria School an option to join a 2-year Junior College course. VS boys who choose to enter VJC after Secondary 4 can have 2 bonus points on their ‘O’-level aggregate score.
Besides Victoria School, VJC students also come from various others schools. Unlike VS, VJC accepts female as well as male students.
VJC received its first batch of 776 students at the then brand-new Marine Vista campus, equipped with 51 tutors. The pioneer batch of VJC set the standard and left their legacy, which includes VJC’s cream-colored uniform , discount sofas .
The school enrolment as of October 2006 was 1,933 students (including 234 IP students) and 151 staff members , knock down furniture .
In 2009 VJC celebrates its 25th Anniversary. The theme of the 25th Anniversary is “XXV: Viva La Victoria”. Various events have been lined up for the current batch of Victorians as well as the Victorian alumni of 25 years.
Description
Victoria was one of the top five junior colleges in Singapore until the ranking of junior colleges was discontinued, and the only junior college to offer the prestigious Humanities Scholar Programme (HEP) and the Theatre Studies and Drama (TSD) Programme before other colleges followed suit in 2006. It also offered a university-level French curriculum as part of the Language Elective Programme (LEP) until it was temporarily discontinued in 2006. Since 2005, VJC has offered a four-year integrated programme, starting from Secondary Three level.
Other than having 6 official Mass Dances in the college, the college also has a wide array of cheers.[clarification needed] The College spirit is widely portrayed in the annual Orientation Day at the start of the year for the freshmen, as well as match supports and college events such as Open House.
Victoria Junior College stands on the east coast of Singapore, about one kilometre from its affiliated school, Victoria School.
College symbols
VJC shares the motto, school colours and almost identical Crest with Victoria School since the former was established to be the latter’s affiliate. The meaning, significance and history of these symbols are all inherited from Victoria School.
Crest and heraldry
The school crest and heraldry were based on the Anglican tradition, and modeled after Oxford University’s crest.
Colours
Yellow : Signifying dignity and excellence from a colonial legacy. Red : Signifying universal brotherhood and equality.
Motto
“Nil Sine Labore”, or “Nothing without Labour” in English. This motto was inherited from Victoria School, and was created in March 1940. It emphasizes the need for Victorians to persevere in order to fulfil their dreams and desires.
College anthem
The college anthem inherited from Victoria School’s original pre-1987 School Song, after very slight modifications were made in the lyrics so that VS and VJC can share a common Victorian Anthem. “School” was dropped after “Victoria” in the first 2 paragraphs shown below in 1987 by Victoria School.
Lyrics by J A Frazer (pre-1987 version)
Music by W E Meyer
Victoria in Singapore
There are other schools we know
Victoria is something more
The school that watch’d us grow
For here we’ve learnt and striven too
And played the sportsman’s game
Victoria we give to you
The honour that you claim
Victoria, thy sons are we
And we will not forget
Victoria, thy triumphs see
And victories we share yet
For others came before and went
And carried to the world
Victoria’s fame and our intent
To keep her flag unfurled.
Past academic luminaries and celebrity tutors
Keith Penrose Mallinson (Oxon.) Lecturer and Humanities Tutor in British, Russian and American History.
Catherine Beylard (Aix-en-Provence, PhD.) Lecturer in French Language and Literature.
Reynold Buono (Columbia) Director, Singapore Repertory Theatre. Theatre Studies & Drama. Performance Studies. Shakespeare and Hamlet.
Principals
1984 – 2001: Mrs Lee Phui Mun
2001 – 2006: Mrs Chan Khah Gek
2006 – Present: Mr Chan Poh Meng
Facilities
VJC has remained at Marine Vista since its inauguration in 1984, with major changes and renovations made to the campus over the years.
The site comprises 6 Lecture Theaters along with air-conditioned tutorial rooms and computer laboratories. The college campus is arranged in a compact formation; other notable facilities include the Performance Theatre and the Victoria Archive, both completed in 2001.
Recent additions to the school campus include the renovation of the “Concourse” and the General Office, the completion of Treehouses, the Students’ Lounge, also known as “The Igloo”, and a synthetic field which hosts many inter-school football and softball matches. Facilities in The Igloo include a 7-feet pool table, a PlayStation 2 video game console, as well as a dart board and Foosball table.
Academics
Victoria offers a traditional UK-style A-level curriculum, with Ivy League-style liberal arts offerings. Lessons are conducted in the Oxbridge Lecture-Tutorial style.
Pedagogical technicalities
The standard practice is to pick 4 H2 level subjects or 3 H2 level subjects and 1 contrasting H1 subject to study for and to be examined for the next 2 years. The choice of subject combination is made on the first day of school, during the orientation programme, in which subject talks are given, and the students make their choices. The allocation of classes is based on the subject combination, and is carried out in such a way as to ensure an equal ratio of boys and girls in each class and the widest spread of diversity.
Student Body
Humanities and the arts
Most students obtain distinctions in Cambridge A-level General Paper. Victoria has a Debating Team, with an established tradition in Oratory and Rhetoric. The Victoria Debating Team has won national and international competitions including the United Nations Debates, the Rotary Championships and the Phillip Jessup Debates.
Theatre Studies is also its forte. Each year, students perform politically and socially controversial plays in a mini-festival, and these are open to members of the public. Visiting guest lecturers have included Broadway legend Lea Salonga. Under the guidance of Reynold Buono, Victorian alums in the Arts are international icons. Geraldine Kok, MFA Yale, has performed in New York and Broadway. Ava Lyn Koh has starred in feature film Crime Of Passion. Alex Liang, an actor and model in London, has appeared in numerous UK TV programmes, ads, feature films and music videos including Madonna’s Hung Up music video. Arts alums moonlight as daytime corporate attorneys but perform in the night. Theatre stalwarts, director Natalie Hennedige and playwright-actress Eleanor Tan continue to stir the Asian arts scene. Also, Janice Koh, Kaylene Tan, Noor Effendy Ibrahim Rohaizad Suaidi, and Tang Fu Kuen have been important, not only as performers, but as critics and arts administrators.
Victorians are also the first Singaporeans to break into Hollywood – Lydia Look in Rush Hour and Lucy Liu (who was on exchange from Stuyvesant High in New York). Regional and local television artistes include Michelle Chong and Joanne Peh.
Film makers Jasmine Ng, Tan Pin Pin, Kelvin Tong, and Lynn Lee have been highly regarded for their imagination and skill. Yang Guichuan and Ho Yi Ping have made careers in the international media industry in Tokyo, Shanghai, and New York.
20 nationally ranked students are named Humanities Scholars each year in the Humanities Programme.
Curriculum Hours
Curriculum hours vary widely across each level and differently for different classes. Morning Assembly (and the time after which one is considered late for school) is at 0740, and the first lesson starts at 0800. Each period is 35 minutes, and the dismissal times range from as early as 1210 to as late as 1725 for all days. On Wednesday, the day allocated for CCAs however, the latest dismissal time is 1430. There are no specific periods allocated for break time or recess, to prevent overcrowding of the canteen. It is usual for students to have 2 or more consecutive periods of breaks, and this is especially common for students in the Arts Faculty.
Students are only allowed to leave school from 1230 onwards.
Faculty System
The Arts 1 (A1) is the Arts faculty of VJC. However, it is compulsory for…
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Gallery
Olympia
Hiranandani Gardens
Hiranandani Gardens
The Comple , executive desk furniture .
Hiranandani Foundation Schoo , oak kitchen furniture .
Rodas Hotel
Bayer House
The complex from the other side of Powai lake
Skyline from one of the residential buildings
Residential buildings
There are 42 residential buildings in Hiranandani Gardens.
Solitaire
Eternia
Florentine
Sovereign
Valencia
Odyssey I
Odyssey II
Tivoli
Evita
Eldora
Birchwood
Brentwood
Norita
Ambrossia
Eden Bungalows
Eden I
Eden II
Eden III
Eden IV
Lake Castle
Daffodil
Canna
Cypress
Blue Bell
Tulip
Lotus
Sunflower
Glen Gate
Glen Height
Glen Classic
Glen Croft
Glen Dale
Glen Ridge
Golden Oak
Kingston
Silver Oak
Somerset
Octavius
Heritage
Torino
Avalon
Verona
Richmond
Powai Park
Commercial buildings
There are 23 commercial buildings in Hiranandani Gardens.
Gateway Plaza
Sentinel
Powai Plaza
Galleria Shopping Centre
Haiko Mall
Colgate Palmolive
Olympia
Chemtex
Bayer House
Alpha
Omega
Sigma
Delta
Delphi
J.M. House
B.G. House
Transocean House
Fairmont
Winchester
Kensington (SEZ)
Spectra
Prudential
Ventura
Public transportation
BEST Bus No. 392 which runs from Ghatkopar to Andheri serves this complex.Bus no. 602 which runs from Vikhroli depot to Marol also serves this complex. Route no. 409 has been recently rerouted through the complex. This service runs from Mulund(west) to Andheri(east) via Chandivali Other buses can be obtained from just outside the complex
The nearest railway stations on the central railway line are Kanjurmarg and Vikhroli.
Rickshaws
Taxis
Facilities
Hiranandani Foundation School Powai
Dr. L.H. Hiranandani Hospital
Three clubhouses with a gymnasium, swimming pool, sauna, jacuzzi, massage facilities, tennis, badminton and squash courts
Galleria Shopping Mall.
Hakone Entertainment Centre Hakonewith LAN gaming, arcade games, pool tables, billiards, mini golf, bumper cars, go karting, rock climbing and paintball Paintball
Culture Shop, a Lifestyle store.
Crossword book store
Planet M music store
Nirvana Park
Joggers Park
Play schools like Justkidding, Kidzee and Eurokids.
Banking services
ICICI Bank
HSBC Bank
Oriental Bank of Commerce
Karnataka Bank
SBI Bank
HDFC Bank
Bank of Baroda
UTI Bank
Andhra Bank
Citibank(atm only)
Kotak Bank
Hospitality and food services
Rodas, an Ecotel Hotel with multi-cuisine restaurants.
Saffron Spice Indian cuisine
Yokos Sizzlers
Mocha, coffee house
Cafe Coffee Day, coffee house
Cafe Columbia, coffee house
Dominos Pizza
Papa John’s Pizza
Smoking Joes Pizza
Pizza Hut
KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)
Daffodils – India food
Garys Menu – Chinese and mughlai restaurant
Great Punjab – mughlai restaurant
Kabab Hut – Kababs and mughali restaurant
Mohini – Indian fast food Restaurant
Navjivan – Indian, moghlai, Chinese restaurant
Masala Magic – Indian fast food restaurant
Shaolin Chinese Restaurant
Baskin Robbins Ice Cream
Naturals Ice Cream
Monginis cake shop
Janta Bakery
Kareems – Kababs and mughlai restaurant
Jas – Chinese and Thai restaurant
External links
The official webpage
The community newspaper of Powai
Powai Temple
Map of Hiranandani Gardens
Categories: Neighbourhoods in MumbaiHidden categories: India articles missing geocoordinate data
Hand Painted ceramic tiles ,
Etmology
These tiles are native to Mangalore, a city in the former South Canara district on the western coast of India. Hence they were named Mangalore tiles by the tile factory manufacturers.
History
A German missionary Plebot set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860, after they found large deposits of clay by the banks of the Gurupura (also Phalguni) and Nethravathi (also Buntwal) rivers. It was called Basel Mission tile factory, and was the first ever tile factory in India, located on the banks of the Nethravathi river, near Morgan’s Gate, around 100 metres (0.10 km) away from Ullal bridge.
Several other tile factories came up in the years that followed. In 1868, the Albuquerque tile factory producing these tiles was started by Mr.Pascal Albuquerque at Pane mangalore in South Canara. These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India during the British regime. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, a World Heritage Site is also topped with these tiles due to their excellent quality and were preferred over Bombay tiles by the structure’s architect Frederick William Stevens.
Since the opening of the Albuquerque tile factory, Mangaloreans have been actively involved in manufacturing these red Mangalore tiles. In 1878, followed the Alvares tile factory established by Mr.Simon Alvares of Bombay at Mangalore. The tiles produced by the factory were in great demand throughout the Indian subcontinent and East Africa. Abundant deposits of clay, plenty of firewood from the Western Ghats and cheap skilled labour helped the industry flourish. By the 1900s there were around 25 tile factories situated in and around Mangalore. By 1994 around 75 tile factories were present in Mangalore. As per the years 19911992 out of a selected 12 tile factories, 6 were owned by Hindus and the other 6 by Christians. The factories along with these tiles also manufactured materials such as ridges, limestone and bricks.
In 2007, the industry suffered a loss with about 10 tile factories shutting down due to scarcity of raw materials like clay. and as factories struggled to find skilled and cooperative workers.
Quality and Usage
These tiles define Mangalore’s skyline and characterize its urban setting
They provide excellent ventilation especially during summer and aesthetically as well. Some of them are especially made to be placed over kitchen and bathroom for the smoke to escape. Over a period of time, these tiles become dark to black from constant exposure to soot and smoke. These red colored clay tiles, unique in shape and size are so famous and export to all the corners of world. They are unique and are made or available in different size and shapes depending on the users need.
These tiles are not only eco-friendly but also cheap, durable and costs only one third that of cement. Some of the buildings which are 100 yrs old still have tile roofing.These tiles are suited for regions experiencing heavy rainfall as water drains easily and fast. The Mangalore tiles are generally placed at forty five degree slant. The tiles get their robust red colour due to the high proportion of iron compound found in the laterite clay. A tile weighs about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) to 3 kilograms (6.6 lb). These kind of tiles are most popularly used in Canara, Goa, Kerala, and the Konkan.
Preparatio , stair nose .
First part is to collect enough clay and place it in a mold and is cut to exact measurement. Then that rectangular piece of clay with exact length and thickness is placed on another machine which puts the factory logo and shapes it into a tile. Then with hand any extra clay is removed and sent to be carried for firing and later glazing. It was interesting to say the least to see how both men and women worked cooperatively to produce the final product.It is a very delicate and detailed process starting from collection of clay to the final product to be fired. Once fired and glazed it is ready and is stored for shipping , engineered bamboo flooring .
Trade and commerce
These tiles are export to Far East, Europe, Australia, Africa and as close as Middle Eastern countries.
Now a days people becoming more stylish and modern so no one’s interested in these old styled tiled houses, so concrete structures occupy its place. But still modern designed houses are using these tiles for style.
Notes
^ a b c d Giriappa 1994, p. 61
^ a b “Mangaloreiles”. Hotfrog.in. http://www.hotfrog.in/Products/Mangalore-Tiles. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
^ a b c Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 510
^ a b c Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 511
^ a b c Babu, Savitha Suresh (2007-02-17). “Tiles for style”. The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
^ a b John B. Monteiro (2005-06-21). “Mangalore Tiles Crown Victoria Terminus”. Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=88. Retrieved on 2009-02-02.
^ a b Belgaumkar, Govind D. (2007-11-12). “Tiles are strong, industry is brittle”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/12/stories/2007111256740500.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
^ Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 517
^ Giriappa 1994, p. 62
^ India: Physical Environment Geography Standard (Grade) IX 2007, p. 37
^ a b Belgaumkar, Govind D. (2005-11-26). “Have an imaginative roof over your head”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/11/26/stories/2005112601000100.htm. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
References
Dr.Suresh Jog; Dr.Chandrakanth Pawar, Prof.Madhav Puranik, Mubarak Bagwan (2007). “Soils”. India: Physical Environment Geography Standard (Grade) IX (reprint of 2006 ed.). Pune: Secretary Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.
Giriappa, S. (1994). Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas. Daya books. ISBN 8170351251. http://books.google.com/books?id=k8j7tyiCAFkC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120613449. http://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved on 2009-01-31.
Categories: Construction | Economy of Mangalore
